In what ways is the environment of your country threatened?

Our survival depends on how well we handle our environment. The term environment refers to mountains, land, seas, oceans, forests and rivers. It also includes men, animals and plants. Mauritius, being a small country, is prone to many environmental hazards. Environmental pollution has become a great menace to man. Our environment is threatened in many ways including modernization, industrialization, deforestation, urbanization, agriculture, transport and travel and tourism. Measures and solutions are being taken to reduce them as eliminating them is impossible. The rapid growth of population is the most important cause in the imbalance of our environment. The larger the population, the greater the facilities and resources are required. Mauritius, being on of the small islands developing state is limited in size and resources. The demands of the population are increasing day by day and this is causing harm to our surroundings. There is not much space available for agriculture. If the growth is not checked, the pollution will get worsened. Modernization and industrialization in a tiny country like ours are having harmful effects on the environment. There is no proper zoning system in the country. The setting up of industries anywhere is giving rise to all types of pollution. The factories owners do not abide by the laws and run their factories as per their wish without thinking about what would happen to the environment. Land, noise and air pollutions are very common things nowadays. Aquatic lives have to suffer also because of factories which throw dyes in water. Moreover, in the name of road networks and residential areas, we are affecting our physical environment. The large scale destruction of forests is a great threat to mankind. People are cutting down trees to make buildings and the beauty of nature is thus disappearing. We depend a lot on our forests. Even animals depend on forests for food and shelter. Our cities provide for their inhabitants all the material comforts that modern science has bestowed upon man. They do not have the time to observe nature and appreciate its beauty. They are more interested in having big shopping complexes, houses and restaurants. Coromandel, which once used to be an agricultural land has now turned into a residential one. There is no control over population in urban areas and therefore over-crowding and environmental pollution have increased. The overuse and use of chemicals in agriculture affect our land our food. The insecticides used by farmers on the plants are washed away by rain and absorbed by the soil which caused the plants to die. These chemicals have proved to be very bad for health. Pesticides also form part in killing harmful pests and harmful wild lives. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are estimated to stay in the soil that contains those chemicals can accumulate them into their tissues. Human beings, very often unaware of these facts, are victims of all types of illnesses. Atmospheric pollution is being caused by the increasing fleet of vehicles and industries. Vehicles use fuels such as kerosene, diesel and oil. There is no control of the number of vehicles running our roads and motorways. The exhaust fumes from vehicles contribute a lot on our environmental imbalance. Noise pollution is another drawback of overuse of cars. Moreover, the industrial machines also contribute to noise pollution. The expansion of tourism is an opportunity for Mauritius but there are many environmental challenges. Sea activities mean a lot to tourists. They come to our island especially because of our beautiful beaches and lagoons. Due to marine pollution, the tourism can be very much affected. Many tourists will refuse to choose Mauritius as destination for holidays and will rather turn to the neighborhood islands like Seychelles and Reunion. Also, in Mauritius, many hotels have been built for tourists. At times there are no clients at all in those hotels. Then why is the need of having so many hotels? We are working according to a wrong planning and management. Several measures can be taken to diminish the risks of environmental hazards. A forestation will prove to be very beneficial. If ever we are cutting one tree, it will be good to plant another two trees. By doing this, there will be a balance in nature. The government must put a tax on fertilizers which will discourage those making excessive use of them and they will be more careful. Furthermore, catalytic converters or even unleaded petrol should be used. This will be helpful to decrease the level of pollution. Also environment education must be taught in schools. This will create awareness among the children and they will therefore know how to maintain their surroundings. Bins must be placed everywhere so as to have a clean and perfect environment. No work is done correctly without motivation. If awards for best villages, best cities and gardens are given, then the environment might become much more pleasant. Let us conclude the essay quoting the two famous sentences used by Mrs Indira Gandhi when she inaugurated the 12th World Energy Congress- â€Å"We should be good guests on earth, neither too demanding nor disturbing its delicate balance. We should allow it to renew itself for those who are to follow.†

Guide To Air Compressors Engineering Essay

Air compressors are among the most widely used equipment in the industry. They find public-service corporation in electronic, automotive, building and fabrication industries among others. However, the broad scope of available compressor types and monetary values make their purchase an highly hard determination. To avoid blowing your clip and money on the incorrect air compressor and salvage yourself of future compressor problems, see the followers before purchasing your air compressor.Buying Considerations:Types of Air Compressors: Three chief types of air compressors are normally used in industries. Rotary Screw Air Compressors: They use duplicate prison guards to compact air and shop it in hard-hitting armored combat vehicles. Rotary compressors cost more than reciprocating compressors. They can run full-time, have a responsibility rhythm of 100 per centum and are most-suited to applications necessitating uninterrupted usage. Rotary compressors can supply 1500 CFM of air flow in a individual phase and over 2500 CFM in two or more phases. Reciprocating or Piston-driven Air Compressors: They use Pistons to compact air and shop it in high force per unit area armored combat vehicles. Reciprocating compressors are the most economical. They are designed for portion clip usage and extremely suited for intermittent applications including portable applications and place workshops. Small air compressors produce 5 HP or less while larger compressors reach 1000s of HP. Reciprocating compressors reach up to 50 CFM with a individual phase and up to 100 CFM with two or more phases. One HP normally produces 4-5 CFM of air flow. Centrifugal Air Compressors: They are turbine engines, used in power workss and high-end industrial applications, and compress air through revolving blades. They are the costliest of all air compressor types. Centrifugal compressors operate at 400-8000 HP and bring forth airflows higher than 1000 CFM.Add-On Utilities and Oil-Free Compressors:Dry, cool and clean air allows you to better the length of service of your fabrication equipment. Desiccants: They remove wet from compressed air for water-sensitive equipment. Coolers: They lower compressed air temperature. Filters: They remove drosss such as oil and dust from compressed air. Oil-free compressors: They provide oil-free or oil-less air for oil sensitive equipment such as nutrient applications and semiconducting materials and utilize compaction Chamberss sealed off from the oil-lubricated machine parts. They are much more expensive than regular rotary and reciprocating compressors. Compressor Space: Air compressors generate a batch of heat and noise. If possible, apportion a separate compressor room to incorporate the noise and blowhole the heat. Alternatively, if you do non hold adequate infinite, an enclosure can be used to cut down heat and noise from the compressor. Reciprocating compressors are louder than rotary compressors. Power Requirements: Compressors can be powered by electricity or with a gasolene or Diesel engine. Energy demands vary from 100V to 500V and supra, depending on compressor size. Mobility: Pay careful attending to grips, wheels and compressor weight when looking for a nomadic compressor. Engine-driven compressors normally come with their ain nomadic dawdlers. When short on floor infinite, opt for vertically oriented compressors to salvage infinite. Pressure and air flow: Carefully find the air force per unit area and air flow demands for every piece of your equipment and happen a compressor that can run all your equipment. Air force per unit area and flow information is normally available within equipment certification. If you can & amp ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢t happen this information in the certification, reach the maker for an educated conjecture. Add up the air flow values and multiply the amount by 1.5. Choose the highest air force per unit area and increase it somewhat. Make certain your chosen compressor & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s air flow and force per unit area evaluations match these values. Future Expansion: Reciprocating air compressors have an mean life of 10-15 old ages while rotary compressors have a lifetime of 20-30 old ages. See the air flow and force per unit area demands of equipment you wish to purchase in the close hereafter before choosing the air compressor type and size. Make certain your selected air compressor can run into both your nowadays and future demands for maximal benefit. Air Compressor Pricing: Air compressors are available in a broad scope of monetary values from $ 500 for a less than 1 HP power compressor to over $ 50000 for 200HP or more compressors. 5 HP reciprocating compressors cost $ 1500-2000 and 5 HP rotary compressors cost $ 2500-4000. At 10-25 HP, compressor monetary values range from $ 4000- $ 10000 or more. 50 HP compressors cost between $ 12,000 and $ 15,000 and 100 HP compressor monetary values range from $ 20,000- $ 30,000. Oil-free compressors costs are about triple the monetary value of regular air compressors. Individual compressor parts and fix services are besides available. If upfront payment is a job, you can inquire your trader for funding, leases or monthly leases. New compressors come with at least a 1-2 twelvemonth guarantee and service contract. Used compressors are besides available in the market. Two-stage theoretical accounts, that recompress compressed air for higher compaction, are available in both rotary and recipro cating compressors and are costlier than one-stage air compressors. Energy costs: These costs make up over 70-90 per centum of the entire ownership costs of an air compressor, over a 5-10 twelvemonth period. So make sure you select efficient air compressors over inefficient low cost 1s for long tally fiscal benefits. Before buying an air compressor, inquire your trader for its Compressed Air and Gas Institute ( CAGI ) data sheet to measure its energy efficiency readings. Manufacturer and Dealer Considerations: Choose a maker committed to bring forthing air compressors as mainstream equipment. Talk to several air compressor traders and acquire information on multiple trade names, before choosing a trader. Ask about trader repute and length of service in the concern, figure of staff members available for compressor service and service rates. Get mentions from traders and inquire them about trader public presentation. You can besides inquire your industry contacts about their air compressor traders to help you in trader choice. Traders with favourable market reputes and 15-20 twelvemonth experience are good versed with compressor jobs, and can offer better and faster support and service. Make sure you pick an efficient air compressor with sufficient air flow and air force per unit area from a reputed and experienced trader to acquire maximal benefits from your air compressor. Air compressors are your long-run friends, so take your clip and avoid any hastiness in doing your purchase determination.

Vespucci, Columbus, and the New World

Before Columbus passed through the coastline of larger America, Amerigo Vespucci, whom the name America has derived, first came in. He navigated, explored, observed, made a map according to what he perceived, and made an exploration report to his King about it. In his description, we can notice a typical European character on the way he view people, environment and things. He wrote his observation on a negative perspective such as the Native Americans has no dress, no sense of ownership, no existing law, no religion, no morals, no ethics, and basically no culture.In this statement, it gave a connotation that those native inhabitants were complete bare beings, which exactly the same description of people at the back of his head as he wanted to conquer the land believing that it was his new found world for the Europeans. As we analyze Amerigo’s text, we can understand how he wanted to introduce those natives to his monarch as insignificant people. Perhaps, his intention was to g et full support from their King and Queen as they planned to completely renew their discovered land and afterwards conquer to make them own.Christopher Columbus, 1530 Unlike Amerigo’s negative introduction about the Native Americans, Columbus has a more affirmative remark on their personalities. He said that these indigenous people of America were peaceful, calm, friendly, warm, handsome and of well-built body structure. However, the presence of negativity has also transcended in his text when he described their lifestyle as having no knowledge and totally ignorance about arms made of irons as the natives’ spears were only made of woods and cane.Another unpleasant testimonial was when he stated that these natives are vulnerable and ideal to become slaves, and that with only few of Europeans could make these people defeated. We can view that those positive and negative remarks of Columbus was urged by the same intention with Amerigo, which is to persuade the monarchs an d allow them conquer the land to be the new colony of Europeans especially Portuguese. The New WorldBoth the Portuguese’s monarchs and the American natives were properly introduced by the so-called New World. Both Columbus and Vespucci has established and proposed this thought to them. To Vespucci, he thought that he discovered a world with nothing to have at all. He didn’t recognize or perhaps, he intentionally did not want to recognize the existing norm and culture of the natives because he wanted to make a change by himself and made a suggestion have the European culture on the land as a replacement on the existing norm.His idea was that Europeans like them are advanced and superior in all aspects, which means that they are the only ones capable of transforming the land and society into a much more highly regarded culture. To Columbus, he indicated that a New World has to be set by offering material things to the natives in exchange of their freedom, strength and se rvice being servants. However, his intention was not to upgrade the culture of the natives but to totally eliminate their culture for the betterment of the Europeans.

Forensic Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Forensic Evidence - Essay Example Was it phoned in? Was it something that police on patrol or some other duty came upon? Was it reported at the police station and thus police officers we sent to inspect? How was the crime incident reported? Who made the report to the police and when and how? All of this information is unavailable and unrecorded. This information is important as the time between when a crime took place and when the crime scene was secured and inspected is important since it has a bearing on any contamination of the crime scene that may have taken place. It also has bearing on the veracity of the crime report. Could this be a staged crime? Or did the crime actually take place as reported? These are the first most glaring deficiencies of this crime report. The report is also lacking in the information about the complainant. It is even lacking in the full name of the complainant – a Mr D. Young. David? Daniel? This sort of ambiguity on the name is further compounded by the fact that there is no me ntion of whether this complainant recorded any type of written statement. One would expect that a signed statement from the complainant would be part of the crime scene report. There are no details of what the complainant reported or where even Mr Young was when the alleged crime took place. In addition there is no descriptive information about Mr Young. ... If Mr Young was injured, what kind of injury was it? There is not even a description of the injury that Mr Young is said to have suffered or how it was reported to have been sustained. Was he treated for the injury? If so, where was the treatment done. The report mentions that a witness claims to have seen someone running away from the premises at 1030 pm on the 20th. There is no mention of even a rough description of what this person who was seen running away looked like. It is also unclear who the witness was, was it Mr Young? Did the witness record a statement? What role did the witness play in the crime scene and what does he look like? The report is alleged to be that of burglary but makes no mention of what was taken away or what was missing or whether this was an unsuccessful burglary or whether the burglar was intercepted before or while committing the crime. The report says that the burglary may have happened at 1030pm at night yet there is no description of the lighting in the room and how much light was available at that time. Is there a landing light? Did the events take place in the dark or were the lights on when they happened? The scene report claims this is an examination of the bedroom. It makes no mention of what type of house this crime allegedly took place in. Was it a bungalow? Was it a flat? Was it a mansion? Is it a multi-floored building? If not, how many floors? Where is the bedroom relative to the rest of the house? Are there any other houses besides it? The report makes no mention of how many bedrooms there are in the house and who resides in the house – we can only assume that it is Mr Young but it hasn’t been stated. Who else lives there? The report makes no mention of whether the house was a wooden house, concrete house or even a

Homework # 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homework # 2 - Essay Example There are several ways in which to impeach a witness at trial. Here, because the proceedings are criminal in nature, we would be dealing with the federal rules of evidence and also the federal rules of criminal procedure. Impeachment tools such as opinion, reputation and specific Instances (Fed. Ru. Evid. 608), is based upon opinion or reputation testimony. This type of evidence is only admissible after the character of the witness is attacked by evidence of any form. Here for example, since Ralph noted on his application that he never had an accident, his driving record could be introduced as evidence to impeach his testimony, the testimony being Ralph's application (which is considered to be a federal document because it is submitted to the port authority which is a government entity) and demonstrate that it was false, thus proving that Ralph has a propensity to lie. Furthermore, any witnesses on Ralph's behalf would be properly questioned in order to impeach Ralph's character for truthfulness as well. (Fed. Ru. Evid. 608). It is true that Ed Norton would testify that Ralph is a great guy and a terrific friend, but he has no business or employment relationship with Ralph. It should be noted that Ed as a character witness will be questioned about specific instances of conduct on part of the Ralph as the principal witness to test his knowledge on Ralph's character. Thus Ed may be questioned on whether Ralph ever told him about his high school suspension. It must be noted that any defense attorney worth their salt would immediately object to the question if at the time of Ralph's arrest, the high school suspension was over ten years old. This rule applies if more than ten years has elapsed since the later date between the following: (1) the date of the conviction and (2) release of the witness from the confinement imposed for that conviction . Here, it is true that Ralph was not convicted at the time his suspension for a crime related to it. One might first think that the suspension would not find its' way into trial however there are exceptions to this rule of evidence. Specific instances of misconduct that did not result in a conviction can be admitted for impeachment purposes if the scope of its admission is to demonstrate the witnesses character for truthfulness, in the discretion of the court the probative value of the question outweighs any prejudice to the defendant; the evidence is offered in good faith; the act has a direct bearing on the veracity of the witness with regards to the issues being litigated. It cannot be understated that extrinsic evidence of specific instances of prior bad acts is not permitted when their only relevance is to impeach the witnesses credibility. Thus, it appears that Ralph's high school suspension would be admitted at trial. It should be noted again that the trial court enjoys immense discretion so the ten year limitation may be construed by the court to apply to non convicted prior bad acts. For example, if Ralph is 25 at the time of trial, the suspension may be admitted, but if he is 35 at the time of trial, it most likely will not. Finally, we do not usually see this type of evidence offered unless the parties know each other. Fed. Ru. Evid 613, applies to the prior inconsistent statements of a witness. Here, Ralph is prepared to testify that he never said "That could just as easily have been your head." In examining a witness

Masking Poor Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Masking Poor Communication - Essay Example Perhaps this is because we tend to take the allegiance of our family members for granted. Over time, we start navigating through our communication approaches, believing that those who are close to us will never leave us and our bond with them is too strong to withstand any misunderstanding or miscommunication. It is only when our kids turn rebellious and problematic, or our spouses file a divorce petition that we begin to realize that irrespective of strong family bonds, relationships need to be constantly worked on. I do remember one such instance in my life when I failed to communicate properly with a loved one. My 14 year old sister Victoria was chronically obese. The doctors had diagnosed that unless she engages in some fitness activity, she could develop serious health problems. Being a fitness conscious person, I decided to help Victoria. I woke up Victoria at 5 in the morning and she gladly changed into her track suit and sport shoes to go for a walk with me. I told Victoria that we will have a half an hour brisk walk followed by some exercises. However, after a couple of minutes I notice that Victoria was lagging behind me by at least 300 meters. Moved by my concern for her, I simply yelled at her, believing that this will encourage her. However, to my dismay, Victoria broke into tears and ran back home, leaving me alone. Standing there I mulled over this problem. It was then that I realized that I simply failed to understand the fact that being an overweight and sedentary person, engaging in brisk fitness activities on the very first day must have been too much for Victoria. I was assessing Victoria by my standards. Just because she was my sister, I had turned blind to her problems and had not even tried to talk about them with Victoria. So, on returning home I apologized to Victoria for my aggressiveness. The next day onwards, I redesigned a fitness regimen after taking Victoria into

Gay marriage (equal rights for everyone) Research Paper

Gay marriage (equal rights for everyone) - Research Paper Example The third point to be considered is the negative attitude toward legalization of gay marriage, because very often these relationships are considered only with regards to sexual and intimate relations among gay couples. The fourth point to be taken into account is positive attitudes to gay marriage, because gays as a rule are devoted partners and contribute much not only to their families, but also to the community and the society. The fifth point, which should be taken into account, is that homosexuality is not a kind of deviance and these people have the same rights as all of the rest of the members of the society. Analysis and Evaluation Jullian Rayfield in her online review "New York State Senate Passes Marriage Equality Bill" (24 June, 2011) is focused on gay marriage legalization in New York. The author generalizes her main concerns and introduces the supportive arguments for the introduction of gay marriage. A centennial struggle happened in the society, where gays wanted to pr otect their rights and have an opportunity to live together with their sexual partners. Nowadays this struggle has borne some fruits and led to the legalization of gay marriage in the New York State Senate. The author of the article provides her main argument referring to the answers of Republicans and other representatives of political parties, providing supporting and counterarguments to the discussion of gay rights marriage. Social participation of gays and their restriction from heterosexual individual rights is the most controversial claim. Nowadays we have a perfect opportunity to raise our voices in order to protect gay community. Moreover, the author of the article provides positive answers of the members of the Senate, who are much concerned an opportunity of all people to behave equally and have a chance to provide gay couples with a right to get married. The processes of globalization underline the necessity of limits blurring and there is no need to save worn out stereot ypes and social norms. Republicans underline that inability to pass this law would mean to hide the democratic principles of their policy. To have a right for marriage means to have an ability to live with a beloved person. So, if gays have their beloved persons, why do not they have a chance to spend their lifetime together? The development of the community and the society depends on all members of the society. Gay couples have the same rights as all other members of the society. Unfortunately, very often these people are prevented from children upbringing or even being married. Still, we have a hope that there is an essential shift towards the gay rights for marriage acknowledgement throughout the country. If to consider the second point of the paper, which is based on Laura Kipnis appeal for the society to provide all human beings with an opportunity to get married, it is the only way to hold beloved hearts together and to establish a kind of a societal bound between them. Gays s hould be treated equally and there is no need to focus our attention on their sexual or intimate preferences. Kipnis underlines that contemporaries should focus their attention on the

Why it is starting to Seem like the Bad Guys are the Only Good Guys Essay

Why it is starting to Seem like the Bad Guys are the Only Good Guys - Essay Example In an episode that has recently been going round, â€Å"The office† the role of a bad guy who attracts the favour of the audience arises. A clueless boss referred to as Michael Scott dispatches his workplace rival by planting marijuana inside the desk of his nemesis so that police can find it. Although the action seems to be awfully mean, Michael admits that â€Å"the action is unpleasant but sometimes the end is justified by the means† (Newsweek Staff 1). Unfortunate for him, Michael does not realise that the marijuana he bought was a baggie that had been filled with basil caprese salad which leads to failure in his mission. The story seems funny to many audience and even a larger number would sympathise with Michael on his failed mission. This reveals that the role of characters in a program has been changing with time. A time when programs were only characterised with good guys or heroes who could not harm anyone in a movie have changed. The modern set of audience is diverse and people have developed a huge interest in areas where the bad guys thrives by believing in what they are doing as right even when it’s a malicious plan against an opponent. Michael would be celebrated by many guys if he succeeded in his malicious plan against his rival (Newsweek Staff 1). It could be argued that the political climate in the last ten years has influenced the audience to turn to antihero interest in various matters especially in viewing the bad guys in the movies as heroes. This could be as a result of rise in intelligence investigations, terrorism and other horrific events in lives of people.

EVALUATING EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INQUIRY ASSIGNMENT Essay

EVALUATING EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INQUIRY ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example the way the NHS operates, by changing its focus from Health care and Treatment to Disease prevention and reduction (Robins, Hernà ¡n and Brumback, 2000). Measuring health and knowing about different indicators that influence and define health is critical in determining our point of view of health and how we cater the problems and issues that surround it, and naturally the information resulting from measurements regarding health helps in determining policies of local and national level (McDowell, 2006). It has been said that the income, employment and housing all play a very important role when it comes to mental health. (Rothman, Greenland, & Lash, 2008) Lewisham Public Health Annual report is prepared by Dr. Danny Ruta, the Director of Public Health for Lewisham. The annual report encompasses the changes implemented as a result of new JSNA process in 2011 and the study conducted by Ruta, in which he analyses the effects of the crisis and socio-economic factors on health and what these factors mean for health in Lewisham (Ruta, 2012). In the report, Ruta also presents suggestions to the shadow Health and Wellbeing Board in Lewisham. According to the statistics extracted from the Lewisham report it has been estimated that more than 500 additional people are mostly like to be a victim of mental illness and the main reason behind this being the on growing issue of unemployment. Unemployment has been found out to be an instigating factor for increase in mental illness. The unemployment rate has boosted the rate of mental illness among people. (MacMahon and Trichopoulos, 1996) The study revolves around the effects of the â€Å"great recession† on the socio-economic conditions in the UK and the resulting consequences of these conditions on the health of people in Lewisham (Ruta, 2012). It has also been found out that Lewisham residents will be affected by the changes in a very disproportionate manner. Due to change in the salaries, employment rate and other housing

Summary of kristof argumment , his claim and reason on environmental Essay

Summary of kristof argumment , his claim and reason on environmental balance pick up a raffle - Essay Example Taking the first question, in the short essay Kristof hardly gives overwhelming proof, but I get convinced there is some problem. The most persuasive of the presented evidences is where he says that New Jersey â€Å"advocated deer hunting as an ecological need† in paragraph 16 (Red 187). I am less knowledgeable about New Jersey Audubon Society, but I suppose there are fellows greatly interested in nature and conservation and despite such a lot supporting deer hunting, there could be a matter to this solution (Red 187). I also share in his view that in this meat-eaters dominated nation â€Å"wringing one’s hands over dead dear is soggy mentality† (Red 188). As per Kristof, leaving the deer to die from hunger and disease is the current substitute to deer hunting. What I still doubt is that the lacking alternative of reducing deer population apart from hunting. In my view, Kristof’s explanation about certain birth control measures is insufficient. In summary, Kristof’s essay in my view is engaging and he presents a useful idea but I think his comment that â€Å"hunting is as natural as bird watching† in the last paragraph makes readers loose in his

Three phenomena that changed the modern world in the most significant Essay

Three phenomena that changed the modern world in the most significant ways over the past 500 years - Essay Example In the international market, only companies that have implemented superior strategic operation management emerge above the competition. Capitalism is an aspect, which contributes to the elimination of individualism. This is because capitalism is concerned with industrialization whereby human labor is eliminated in the production of goods and services. The machines, plant and machinery take the place of human beings in the production of goods and services. In this regard, the human aspect is eliminated hence affecting individualism. Capitalism emanates from the innovativeness of personnel and division of labor (Getz, Hoffman & Rodriguez, 2009, p.45). This is manifested in the pin industry illustration featuring the division of labor contributions to the increase in productivity of firms. Division of labor leads to invention of plant and machinery and other equipment, which are essential in a capitalist economy. According to Smith, the welfare of the workforce ought not to be given the first priority. Capitalism also shifts relevance from the welfare of employees to the production units. This is because the move deprives their human dignity. It is true that use of money gives satisfaction to the final consumers of commodities. This owes to the fact that consumers prefer saving as opposed to expenditure. Human labor provides utility to the consumers. The reliance on equilibrium in charging the consumers is controversial. Capitalism does not recognize the plight of the laborers within an industry. Therefore, the labor the workforce provides is not the ultimate satisfaction for the company but a means to an end. Capitalism requires many people to work for a common goal and benefit (Getz, Hoffman & Rodriguez, 2009, p.49). The welfare of human beings in capitalism is valuable so long as it adds value in the progression of an industry’s productivity. This is because material development is usually ensured at the

The data classification policy Essay Example for Free

The data classification policy Essay The data classification policy is intended to provide a framework for classifying a company’s data based on its level of sensitivity. Data classification entails analyzing the data an organization retains, determining its importance and value, and then assigning it to a category. Data is classified to help determine baselines for security controls in that will be implemented to protect the data. Data classification policies apply to all company employees, their vendors and customers who has authorization to access the data. Anyone who has access to, is responsible for classifying, or is responsible for protecting data and is subject to being held accountable to adhering to the data classification policy. Data classification is the classification of data based on its level of sensitivity and impact to an organization. Impact is determined by how data is disclosed, altered or destroyed without appropriate authorization. How data is classified and the levels of sensitivity associated with it is generally determined by the organization but in some cases the classification is mandated by federal, state and local laws. Data classification levels are typically arranged from the most sensitive data being classified as restricted to unclassified or public data. The classification levels vary depending on the institution. Data is typically classified according to its type such as medical, financial or personal. Most organizations classify data to comply with their requirements of Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). Data classification is the responsibility data stewards and their primary  purpose is the protection of the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the data and the data classification reflects to level of impact to the organization if the confidentiality, integrity and availability is compromised.

The Port Of Durban From An Economics Perspective Economics Essay

The Port Of Durban From An Economics Perspective Economics Essay 3.1 Introduction This chapter will examine the Port of Durban from an economics perspective and will seek to expand on the general theory presented in the literature review and apply it specifically to the Port of Durban. This chapter will also serve as a foundation for the proceeding chapter which will analyse the various CBA options and data for Durban. The ports significance and impact will be examined in the context of the South African and local economy through its income and employment generating effect. Though the quantity of cargo moving through a port is important, of more interest is the type of cargo that a port focuses on. 3.2 The South African Port Sector Before examining the Port of Durban in isolation, it would be prudent to briefly discuss the South African Port scenario in a broader sense. In South Africa, ports are considered national assets and are managed by the government run recently by SAPO. South Africa is a major sea-trading nation comprising of approximately 8 trading ports, namely, Durban, Richards Bay, East London, Port Elizabeth, Mossel Bay, Cape Town, Saldanha and the under construction Coega. South Africa has evolved into a major sea-trading nation over the last four or so decades and in 2002 handled 3.6% of world sea trade by volume. In terms of ton miles or real activity, this figure increases to 6% of global trade, placing the country within the top 12 globally and resulting in a global maritime activity share that is more than 20 fold its global GDP share. Sea trade constitutes more than 90 percent of trade in South Africa and ports play a critical social and economic role both nationally and regionally. The majo rity of the port activity is concentrated on the east coast of South Africa. A stark illustration of this fact is that Durban and Richards Bay together make up 76% of sea trade in the country. Traffic growth in the 1990s was derived from two primary regional points and sources, namely Durban from a general cargo perspective and Richards bay from a raw materials perspective. Richards Bay, which deals primarily in bulk goods, such as coal, ore and steel, has seen its annual tonnage increase from 55 million tons in 1989 to in excess of 90 million in 2000. Viewing perceived value in terms of tonnage is a flawed approach since in terms of economic linkages and value-adding, handling a ton of coal is not the same as handling a ton of refined goods. The figure below illustrates the breakdown of sea trade activity by port in South Africa. It can be seen clearly that Durban and Richards Bay are giants in comparison to the other ports. (Chasomeris, 2003 and Jones, 2002) Fig 17: Total Traffic Volume in South Africa Source: Department of Transport, 1998 and Jones, 2001 The South African Ports sector experienced significant capital intensive investment in the 1970s and 1980s, which was biased towards the bulk shipping sector. However, world trends have seen a migration towards containerisation and unitisation and South Africa is no exception, with the country utilising containers for the first time in1977. Up until 1990, the available capacity could cater for national traffic levels of approximately 1 million TEUs level. The lack of adequate container capacity, combined with growing demand, brought with it a multitude of problems. On the demand side, South Africa became a democracy and re-entered the globalised world, resulting in a noticeable rise in seaborne container volumes, due to liner carriers returning to the South African trades and increased trade liberalisation. The upsurge in volumes produces inevitable negative consequences of delays and vessel queues. By 2000 the combined amount of annual TEUs handled in South African ports was 1.8 mil lion and this was encompassed using with the same basic container quays that had been constructed in 1977. There was some limited capital investment in strategic areas in the 1990s, such as cargo extensions to bulk and neo-bulk facilities in Richards Bay. The new millennia brought with its bolder and more ambitious port investment initiatives. A new industrial hub status port in the Eastern Cape, which was earlier envisioned but never actioned upon, was now being constructed. Secondly, the Durban general cargo infrastructure has received significant upgrades and extensions such as extensions to landside facilities as well, deepening and extending cargo handling superstructure and infrastructure as well as deepening and widening the harbour entrance. Because of the age and mismatch of the cargo handling infrastructure, productivity has lagged that of international levels, resulting in congestion that is a constant feature of local ports. There were also supply side issues to deal wit h such as liner route becoming more specific and centred around hub status ports. As such, hub status ports have to provide capacity that exceeds national demand, making attainment of hub port status difficult in capacity constricted scenarios. This is compounded by the reluctance of ship-owners to migrate shorter routes such as Port Elizabeth in South Africa. South African ports relative competitive stance with their southern hemisphere counterparts can be gauged from the table below. Looking at both indicators, South African ports emerge as clear leaders on both the African and Southern Hemisphere front. Richards Bay is ranked first on the table in terms of total traffic, as it has a large amount of coal and other bulk cargoes passing through its doors. Durban, although ranked 3rd overall, is ranked 1st in the container category it is clear that Durban is the leading multi-purpose port in South Africa and the Southern Hemisphere. (Jones, 2003; Jones, 1997; Department of Transport, 1998 and Lawrence, 2000) Figure 18: African and Southern Hemisphere Port Traffic Port Total Port Traffic (m tons) Rank Container Traffic (TEUs 000s) Rank Richards Bay 91.5 1 5 15 Newcastle 73.9 2 9 14 Durban 49.7 3 1291 2 Santos 43.1 4 945 4 Sydney 24.6 5 999 3 Melbourne 22.3 6 1322 1 Casablanca 19.8 7 311 9 Abidjan 14.6 8 434 7 Auckland 13.3 9 561 6 Cape Town 11.8 10 395 8 Lagos 9.1 11 1782 11 Mombasa 8.9 12 219 10 Buenos Aires 7.8 13 716 5 Dakar 7.2 14 149 13 Port Louis 4.7 15 161 12 Source: ISL, Bremen, 2001, Jones 2003 (Selected ports, 2000) 3.3 History of the Port of Durban The port is situated on the east coast of South Africa at coordinates 31o 02E in longitudinal and at 290 52S in latitudinal terms. Trading activities in the port of Durban can be traced back since 1824, with the port quickly gaining a favoured status among seafarers amd traders due to it being a natural harbour. Interest in Durban Bay grew tremedously in the early years of its operations, with imports doubling between 1849 and 1850. This, coupled with larger vessels, resulted in a much needed expansion to the harbour entrance. Over a century later, Durban has 63 berths and 6 repair berths, which can be broadly seperated into five main segments of the port. The first segments has two piers and has a multipurpose function thats handles general, parcel and unitised cargo. The second segment of the port is located by Salisbury Island and Island View. A third segment is the Maydon Wharf area, which contains private terminals as well as terminals controlled by Transnet. The Point terminal area and the Bayhead area are the fourth segment and fifth segment respectively. Below is a picture of the port of Durban that illustrates the five segments discussed. Figure 19: The Current Layout of Durban Port Source: Google Earth, 2010 3.4 Economic Significance of the Port of Durban As, can be seen in figure 17 above, the logistical strength of the national shipping infrastructure, rests primarily in KZN. The port of Durban, like all other public ports in South Africa, is an example of a port under national jurisdiction, its official name being the National Ports Authority (NPA), thereby allowing centralised planning. Durban is a port of choice because of its infrastructure in place enabling it to be a full service general cargo and container port . In addition to this, durban is well serviced by an adequete rail and road infrastructure, which links it to the economic hub of South Africa, Gauteng. In addition to this, the KZN region is a large economic region in itself and is second only to Gauteng in South Africa. Figure 21 below, illustrates a snapshot of the South African port sector for 2009. In terms of total cargo tonnes handled, Durban has 20% of the market and is dwarfed by Richards which has more than double Durbans tonnage handled, at more than 40%. Ri chards Bay, which was constructed in the 1970s, has had an enormous impact on Durbans port planning and functions. The primary reason for its existence was to serve as high-mass export point for raw materials such as coal. Richards Bay also diversified its goods base to include, at a lower cost, goods types that were traditionally the domain of Durban such as neo-bulk cargo like steel, alloys and forest type products. At the time of Richards Bay construction, Cape-sized bulk vessels were too large to enter Durban. (Jones, 2003 and Stats SA, 2010) Figure 21: Port Cargo and Vessel Statistics in South African Ports RICHARDS BAY DURBAN CAPE TOWN SALDANHA BAY TOTAL SA PORTS Durban as a % of Total TOTAL CARGO HANDLED: 77,631,154 37,419,282 3,058,601 56,475,625 182,735,369 20% GENERAL CARGO VESSELS: 247 705 220 373 1,648 43% BULK VESSELS: 1257 930 320 921 3,603 26% CONTAINER VESSELS: 42 1883 897 784 4,233 44% TANKERS: 184 646 159 344 1,542 42% VESSEL TOTAL: 1874 4848 2440 3489 15,879 31% TOTAL TEUS HANDLED: 6,273 2,395,175 1,382,052 NA 4,334,612 55% Source: NPA, 2009 (Note table has been edited) Looking again at figure 21 above, it can be observed that even though Durban lags other ports in gross tonnage of cargo, it still has by far the most number of vessels docking. One of the major reasons for this was the emerging dominance of Richards Bay, which forced Durban to concentrate on lower-volume bulk, break-bulk and liquid-bulk. This enabled great diversity within the port in terms of cargo type as well vessel type and quantity. Additionally, vessels that carry break bulk are traditionally far smaller than that of traditional bulk, thus explaining why more vessel docking are in Durban than Richards Bay for the same amount of cargo ceterus paribus. With reference to the figures above, it can be observed that Durban has 43% of total general cargo vessels, 42% of total tankers and 44% of total container vessels. The most important figure, in relation to Durban, is that of TEUs handled since this is where its dominance and significance come to the fore. Durban has the ideal stru cture to handle containers and since Richards Bay has inadequate structure for containers, Durbans dominance in containers was from the outset. Jones (2003) show that a growing international trend of shipping lines with regards to containers is to organise trade and activities around so called hub ports which meet and cross at sub-regional transhipment nodes. This arrangement is biased for the existence of a single hub type port on the eastern shores of the Southern region of Africa. Since, Durban is the countrys major container port, is well frequented by major shipping lines, has terminal and hub status, it is quite reasonable for it to remain South Africas primary container port. The other alternatives on the eastern sea board are not really competitors when it comes to containers. Richards Bay is primarily a bulk port and does not have the adequate infrastructure to extend its activities beyond this scope. Maputo has large deviation costs from traditional shipping lines as well as limited depth and capacity. Port Elizabeth has weak land side links to Gauteng as well as having limited local demand to justify a major port there. (Suykens, 1984; Jones, 2001 and Jones, 2003) Even though Durban lags Richards Bay in terms of pure tonnage, this in itself is a poor yardstick of economic impact and significance since no account is taken of cargo value or employment propensities of infrastructure required. Generally, in terms of economic and employment impacts, general cargo provides the most followed by dry-bulk cargo and lastly liquid-bulk. Bearing this in mind, comparing two ports only on the basis of tonnage is frivolous and more specifically in Durbans case it can be seen that from a ports perspective, it handles higher valued cargo than Richards Bay. This is especially evident when one considers one job is created per 47000 tonnes of cargo handled at Richards Bay, whereas in Durban, one job is created per 7500 tonnes of cargo handled. Figure 22 below further illustrates the economic richness and opportunity that containers present. Additionally, in 2004 an average container vessel spent R2.94 million per port call, far exceeding the R1.8 million for a br eakbulk cargo vessel as well as exceeding the R1.3 million for a bunker vessel. (Suykens, 1984; Jones, 2001, Tempi, 2006 and Jones, 2003) Figure 22: Port of Fremantles Economic impact by Cargo Type Cargo Type Output ($m) Value Added ($m) Household Income ($m) Employment (no.) Direct Effects Containers 177 121 73 1331 Other General Cargo 45 30 18 340 Liquid Bulk 35 20 8 158 Dry Bulk 83 44 25 459 Other 1 1 0 7 Total 341 215 124 2294 Direct + Indirect Effects Containers 382 240 125 3195 Other General Cargo 96 59 31 800 Liquid Bulk 67 38 17 441 Dry Bulk 181 100 50 1339 Other 2 1 1 19 Total 728 440 223 5792 Source: Bureau of Economic Transport Economics Australia, 2000 As is the case with South African ports, the port of Freemantle in Australia, shown in figure 22 above, derives the most economic prosperity from containers from both a direct and indirect perspective. Even though containers account for only 13% of activity in the port, they contribute 55% to economic activity. Consequently, containers have the greatest employment generating effects, followed by dry bulk and the liquid bulk. Though dynamics differ from port to port in terms of infrastructure, administration, socioeconomics and geography, a broad consensus can be reached from the figure above encompassing a kind of rule of thumb approach. As such, containers offer the most economic opportunity for a port and since Durban already focuses on this area, it would be prudent to continue with this trend. Thus, it is quite evident that both the present and future comparative advantage of Durban port rests in the realm of containerised cargoes due to reason shown above. Also, since the port i s so aptly designed for and dependant on containerised cargo, the removal of this great economic magnifying source would be particularly devastating on the Durban region as a whole. (Jones, 2001 and Jones, 2003) Looking at figure 23 below, it can be seen that the Durban port has seen an extraordinary increase in containers, with annualised growth of between 8% and 10% for the last decade.  As was shown above, containers form an integral cog in the Durban port machine from an economics and social perspective since they provide a source of trade, income and employment. Container growth has been driven by a range of factors such as rising volumes of world trade and reduced trading barriers, the migration of cargo to containers from other handling systems, South Africas improved economic performance and rising per capita incomes.  The facets examined below are containers landed, shipped and empty and as the diagram shows, all three categories have increased from 2002-2007. The growth between 2002 and 2007 is nothing short of spectacular, but this growth has not come without costs and constraints. However, needing containers and providing adequate space for them are two entirely different thi ngs and this will be explored below. Also, we have seen that general cargo is the richest form of cargo and has the largest employment benefits. South Africa needs extended general cargo capabilities and in this respect, Durbans needs are similar to national needs. It is thus clear that Durban needs the container industry for continued survival and prosperity, but whether the container industry needs Durban as much remains to be seen. (Jones, 2003) Figure 23: Total TEUs Landed, Shipped Transhipped Source: NPA, marketing graphs, 2008 Durbans greatest strengths, namely its ideal location, good economic linkage and strong infrastructure, have also evolved to be its Achilles heel, since its popularity especially for containerized cargo, has seen demand surge amidst mostly fixed infrastructure. With the growth of sea trade demand, the real problems of Durban are the lack of adequate marine infrastructure, but its role as port with terminal capacity, and the managerial capacity and willingness to operate the present container terminal at acceptable performance levels. A supply side response by the authorities to these demand pressures has been slow and limited. The growth of containerised cargo volumes has put the ports container terminal under sustained pressure since the mid-1990s, and at times has overwhelmed available capacity. The consequences of which have been frequent queues of container vessels, unduly high berth occupancy rates, and delays to container vessels and their cargoes. The port area is inundated wi th industrial and commercial development, making space an expensive premium, above all for neo-bulk space intensive cargoes like steel and forest products. It is therefore no surprise to see certain of these cargoes migrating to Richards Bay, where space is at less of a premium. The Durban-Gauteng rail line possesses substantial spare capacity, but operating problems associated with the availability of Transnet have reduced the reliability of rail. This problem is particularly serious for certain bulk terminals that are reliant on rail since for bulk commodities rail is the cheapest and most efficient form of transport. Previously, Durbans major economic disadvantage was its inability to host Panamax size-threshold ships due to its lack of depth. However, after recent capital investments, the entrance width has been increased from 110m at its narrowest to 220m and the depth in the outer channel from 12m to approximately 19m. However, this is far from adequate and as can be seen in I rcha (2006) which states that hub status type ports must have the following in order to remain relevant: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Container-stacking densities of 2000-4000 TEUs per hectare; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sustained ship-to-shore gantry crane productivity of 50 moves per hour; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Three day dwell times; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 30-minute truck turnaround times; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ On-dock rail service; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Water depths by the berth of 15 metres and more. Currently, Durban subscribes to one of these parameters, and if it wishes to become efficient and remain productive and relevant, authorities should try to subscribe to all of them. Doing so would require significant capital investments such as infrastructure expansions. (Lawrence, 2000; ISL, 2001; Fairplay, 2003, Ircha, 2006, Transnet, 2010 and Jones, 2003) 3.5 Multiplier Model The theory of the Keynesian multiplier was covered quite extensively in the literature review. Figure 22 above touched on the multiplier process for the port of Freemantle, but the concept will now be explored and applied in far more detail. The economic impact of port activities on the local economy can be subdivided into three broad areas. The first area is that of directly port-related or port generated activities, that would cease to exist if the port were to close. The second area is that of indirectly port-related activities and pertains to backwardly-linked services and infrastructure. The third and final broad category is termed induced effects, and is in fact the multiplier effect from other inputs. It arises as those employed in the previous two categories, re-spend their money in the local economy, thereby increasing the original economic impact. Jones (1998) conducted a study so as to ascertain the Port of Durbans economic impact on the local economy. Figure 24 below is t aken from that same study and as can be observed, 24 000 direct port related jobs from approximately 360 businesses are created through first round inputs. Of the 24 000 jobs, approximately 8500 are from Transnet, which is an indication of the significant role that the institution plays in the local region. The 24 000 figure translate into a wage bill of approximately R950 million rand in 1994 wage level. Assuming an inflation rate of 10% per annum, this figure would equate to approximately R4 Billion in 2010 terms! Coupled to this, many port activities were in fact excluded from the above calculation such as insurance, financial services, medical services and legal services. (Jones, 2003) Another reason why the employment figure is conservative is that it fails to account for the induced or multiplier effect. As shown in the literature review, the economic or employment effect is extended far beyond the initial spending impetus whereby the final round of total expenditure normally far exceed the initial input. The multiplier varies from region to region depending on the average marginal propensity to consume, taxes, and how much money is kept within the local region. Jones assumes that since the majority of port employees are in fact low to middle income earners, which is not an outrageous assumption. Bearing this in mind, an average tax rate of 20%, MPC of 0.85 and a retention rate of 0.85 is used to formulate the multiplier value. The data is substituted into the multiplier equation from the literature review and yields a multiplier value of 2.4. The port of Seattle conducted an economic impact analysis and depending on which assumptions they used, the multiplier ra nged from 2.9 to 4.4. The port of Lake Charles Harbour also conducted an economic impact study and used a multiplier of 2.6 and the port of Hastings derived a multiplier of 1.58. Thus, the figure use by Jones is in no way over the top when one looks at other port economic impact papers and it even falls on the lower end of the spectrum. The box below illustrates the calculations that were used to obtain the multiplier. At 1994 prices total income generated by the port is approximately R2.3 billion. Once again, if we assume a 10% increase per annum, in 2010 price terms, this would equate to R9.6 Billion! (Jones, 2003; Meyrick Associates, 2007 and Martin Associates, 2007) Figure 24: Multiplier for Durban (1994 prices) ÃŽÂ ± = 1 1 -c [(1-t) r] Substituting the various values = 1 1 -0.85[(1-0.2)0.85] =2.4 Calculating Equilibrium income for wages only: Yo = ÃŽÂ ±A Yo= 950 X 2.4 = R2.3 Billion Calculating Equilibrium income for all expenditures: Yo= (950+500) X 2.4 = R3.5 Billion Source: Jones, 2003 Even with the multiplier effect, the regional economic impact of the port is under estimated since wages and salaries are not the only costs in a port. Industries which provide inputs and services to port establishments are excluded. In the same paper, Jones attempts to calculate these very costs and some of the examples include paper, ropes, cranes, hooks and property costs. Jones does this by working out that on average 48% of total costs are non wage costs and based on this assumption, a 1994 figure of R500 million is generated from port related expenditure which is not linked to wages. This amount extrapolated to regional labour elasticitys, induces a labour figure of approximately 7000 jobs. The refineries around the port employ around 1800 people and the Island View area about 500 as well. Thus, as Jones rightly says, the port and port related activities generate around 40000 jobs in the local economy, a figure which eThekwini online concurs with. Looking at the box above, it c an be calculated that the total economic impact of the port is R3.5 Billion in 1994 prices. In 2010 monetary terms, this equates to roughly R14.62 Billion. Additionally, eThekwini online states that the port and related industries contributes over 20% of Durbans GDP and approximately 1.5% of national GDP! Thus, it is quite evident that the port and its related clusters are integral to the Durban community in terms of employment and social stability. (Jones, 2003 and www.thekwenionline.org.za, 2010) Figure: 25 Durban Port Employment and Output (all data at 1994 levels) Industry/Sector Number Employment Wage bill (R mill) Portnet 1 5400 240 Portnet dredging 1 112 6 Spoornet 1 3217 115 Terminal operators 11 2213 90 Liquid bulk terminals 3 275 16 CF agents 138 3600 135 Ships agents 37 1350 65 Ship chandlers 17 400 ns Container depots 3 366 13 Container parks 7 260 ns Container logistics 3 140 6 Shipowners operators 5 11002 ns Ship repairers builders 5 9603 34 Stevedores 24 1650 45 Cargo equipment suppliers 2 200 ns Road haulers >75 15001 ns Bunker services 2 110 5 Offshore services 3 80 3 Tallying services 5 1204 ns Security 3 3001 ns Marine contractors 2 114 5 Customs Excise 1 300 ns Other State 3 1001 ns TOTAL >360 23867 ~R950 Source: Jones, 2003 3.6 Constraints to Expansion As shown in Figure 18 above, Durban is the largest general cargo port in Africa and the second largest in the southern hemisphere, and Durban being a port city will benefit from any growth in international trade volumes especially of the general cargo type. Although Durbans port infrastructure is extensive, at present it suffers from critical capacity limitations. The port currently provides 63 berths that can be used for cargo related activities as well as repair facilities for a further 8-9 vessels. These capacity constraints are encountered in respect of the ports marine infrastructure, cargo-working facilities and its overall articulation with landside cargo distribution systems. The constraints are indicated in the figure below, which illustrates the situation for Durban in 2004/5, considering that the teu amount was 2,395,175 teus for 2009, it becomes clear how grave the capacity situation is. Considering how grave the capacity situation is, it is indeed surprising that only sh ort term capital investments have been undertaken over the last two decades. Towards the end of the previous century, there were some capital extensions such as gantries, larger container areas and straddle carriers. In 2002, more gantries were added as well as 20 straddle carriers. The second part of the 2002 project was the relocation and specialisation of areas within the port, namely pier 1. All these short term improvements will result in the port having a present day capacity of 2.5 million TEUs. Already in 2005 the container terminal were operating at 90% capacity and now 5 years hence, with TEUs handled being 2.4 million in 2009 or 96% capacity, there is a pressing need for Durban to increase and improve its container handling operations. (NPA, 2009 and Muller, 2004) Figure 26: Port of Durban Capacity Constraint Terminals Current traffic M ton Theoretical capacity M ton Spare Capacity Percentage used Bulk Liquids 23,800,000   Unlimited Unlimited Motor vehicles units 171,365 220,000 48,635 77.89 Coal 1,800,000 2,500,000 700,000 72 City 2,400,000 5,200,000 2,800,000 46.15 Containers 1,724,218 1,900,000 175,782 90.75 Break bulk 4,200,000 6,300,000.00 2,100,000 66.67 Total excl vehicles 33,924,218.00 16,120,000.00 5,824,417.00 Source: NPA, 2006 Though this paper views the port from

Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe

Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe The story of The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe is full of conflict from beginning to end. The narrator of this story does not reveal why such a conflict exists other than to say someone has impugned his honor. Poe makes use of irony, symbolism among other linguistics means to tell a revenge story under Montresors, the murderer, view and ideas. Even knowing the narrator is not reliable and he probably is mad, the reader stands on his side from the beginning to the end of the conflict. This article will try to analyze the tools used by Poe to create this short story. The Style of Poe in The cask of amontillado Strengthening readers comprehension of his writing is also a key function of the imagery Poe uses. The variety of stylistic devices used by Poe to create the atmosphere of horror and terror includes the setting, one of the things the author uses to paint a dark and gloomy picture in the readers mind. For example: as described by him in the beginning of the short story It was about dusk, one evening during the supreme madness of the carnival seasonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or like in this paragraph: At the most remote end of the crypt there appeared another less spacious. Its walls had been lined with human remains, piled to the vault overhead, in the fashion of the great catacombs of Paris. Three sides of this interior crypt were still ornamented in this manner. From the fourth side the bones had been thrown down, and lay promiscuously upon the earth, forming at one point a mound of some size. Within the wall thus exposed by the displacing of the bones, we perceived a still interior crypt or r ecess, in depth about four feet, in width three, in height six or seven. It seemed to have been constructed for no especial use within itself, but formed merely the interval between two of the colossal supports of the roof of the catacombs, and was backed by one of their circumscribing walls of solid granite. Imagery in Poes style of writing clearly involves readers in the story, and his use of complex vocabulary ensures that readers understand his themes and implications. The use of symbolism is what makes Poes short story even more interesting. Symbolism, according to the The Dictionary of Literary Terms, is an object, person, idea, etc. used in a literary work, film, etc., to stand for or suggest something else with which it is associated either explicitly or in some more subtle way. It may not be clear for some readers, but in The Cask of Amontillado the fight between two social class conflict and the aristocratic social codes is very well pictured. Montresor meets Fortunato as if by chance when it is clear that Montresor already of Fortunatos attendance during the Carnival celebration at a banquet. When Montresor leads the intoxicated Fortunato into the blind wall in the subterranean passages of Montresors family grave and takes him prisoner, he already has mortar and trowel prepared for walling up his victim. Since Fortunato had given Montresor a Masonic sign and asked him if he were a Mason, a question which response was that Fortunato was nothing more than a real stone mason and the murderer laughingly showed the real trowel he had with him, it can also be a humorous imitation of the French Freemasonry, whose motto was libertà ©, à ©galità ©, fraternità ©. Fortunato is of bourgeois origin and Montresor, who is full of aristocratic pride reflected in his thoughts of titles of nobility, genealogy, escutcheons, coats of arms, quarterings, the bones of ancestors, fiefs, and inheritable property, could not handle an offense against ones honor called for justice and punishment. The motto on his coat of arms is Nemo me impune lacessit (No one insults me with impunity). He cannot challenge the ignorant Fortunato; besides, with his purchased title he holds some official post in the government, is perhaps an intendant, and is thus a personification of the evils that had been foisted on the provincial aristocracy by the crown. Since Fortunato has power, Montresor turns on to murder. The symbolism can also be noticed in some other aspects and details of the short story. Ironically, the victim is named Fortunato, which in English means lucky man or fortunate. He is said to be wearing motley: a tight-fitting parti-striped dress, and his head was surmounted by the conical cap and bells, just like a jester. The ironic meaning of Fortunatos name, for the story proves that he is greatly unfortunate, creates a symbolic image of a light-minded, frivolous man, who shows little understanding of his own life. On what it comes to the narration style, Poe does what he did in other two of his short stories (The Black Cat and The Tell-Tale Heart): he conveys the story through the murderers perspective. In a very wise way, Poe presents the narrator in the first-person, Montresor, what makes him not reliable, since he tells the story under his perspective. As we can see in this part of the story, Montresor never tells the reader the real cause of his revenge: THE thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge. You, who so well know the nature of my soul, will not suppose, however, that gave utterance to a threat. At length I would be avenged; this was a point definitely, settled but the very definitiveness with which it was resolved precluded the idea of risk. I must not only punish but punish with impunity. A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong. Poe uses irony as a catharsis for his inner angst. Even beneath the grotesque visions of dead remains everywhere in the underground vault, the reader feels little sympathy for Fortunato, perhaps because of his elitist attitude when he mocks Montresor, saying You are not of the brotherhood. It is important to remember that Fortunato had countless opportunities to leave at the narrators insistence, but this man disregards them nevertheless, forever sealing his own fate; when the narrator proclaims his family motto and the description of his family crestas a snake biting into the heel that crushes it, all of these are clues that could potentially allow for Fortunatos escape. In recalling the image of the snake, it is Montresor who plays this role against the man who would mercilessly step upon him, demeaning him, as Fortunato had done so many times before. The Cask of Amontillado is filled with irony, starting by the title that mentions a barrel of a rare wine which is a secondary, if not a mere detail in the whole story. We also have a situational case of irony as Montresor takes the opportunity of the carnival season celebration, a date to celebrate joyfully, to trap and murder Fortunato. In this short story we can find three types of irony: Verbal irony which involves saying one thing but meaning the opposite. Situational irony which occurs when events turn out the opposite of what would ordinarily be expected. For example: the title of the short story as mentioned before. Dramatic irony is when readers or viewers of a story know more than the characters or can interpret more accurately what they have to say. When Montresor repeats Fortunatos Let us be gone, readers probably make a second interpretation of what Fortunato understand by that. The first words Montresor utters when he meets Fortunato is full of irony, since he did not met his friend by a chance, neither Fortunato was luckily met: My dear Fortunato, you are luckily met. Fortunatos jester costume is also very satirical. The way the story unfolds itself and the way Montresor talks to Fortunato is full of irony from the beginning to the very end when he screams Fortunatos name right after he died. Here are some excerpts to illustrate: Montresor expressing himself worried about the nitre-covered walls and exacerbation of Fortunatos cough-this is an example of verbal irony. As the victim replies: the cough is a mere nothing; it will not kill me. I shall not die of a cough. The second bottle of wine consumed is a flagon of De Grave here Poe plays with the wine brand and the word grave in English which means sepulture: I broke and reached him a flagon of De Grave. He emptied it at a breath. His eyes flashed with a fierce light. He laughed and threw the bottle upwards with a gesticulation I did not understand. They made a toast to Fortunatos long life, who did not know he was about to face death: Drink, I said, presenting him the wine. He raised it to his lips with a leer. He paused and nodded to me familiarly, while his bells jingled. I drink, he said, to the buried that repose around us. And I to your long life. Fortunato is the real ignoramus, term he used to insult Luchesi, whom Montresor has several times suggested as a connoisseur who could substitute for Fortunato: As you are engaged, I am on my way to Luchesi. If anyone has a critical turn, it is he. He will tell me Luchesi cannot tell Amontillado from Sherry. Let us go, nevertheless. The cold is merely nothing. Amontillado! You have been imposed upon; and as for Luchesi, he cannot distinguish Sherry from Amontillado. Poe uses repetition to ensure readers to deeper comprehend the concepts and story development. conclusion In this short story we do not have a violent, drunk or psycho character that kills for no reason or disconnected from reality. Montresor knows what he is doing and maintains focused and lucid all the time and that is what apart The Cask of Amontillado from Poes other tales. This tale contains a great amount of dark humor and is somehow a type of warning for those who thread other people by bullying them because the offended ones might always come back urging for revenge.

The Greed of Music Industry Executives and Declining Record Sales Essay

The Greed of Music Industry Executives and Declining Record Sales The music recording industry is in trouble. For several years now, sales of new and popular music have steadily declined and show no sign of changing. The record companies are quick to blame the growing popularity of the Internet; music is being traded in a digital form online, often anonymously, with the use of file-sharing programs such as Morpheus, KaZaA, and Imesh, to name a few. The RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) succeeded in disbanding the pioneer Internet file-sharing program, Napster, but is facing confrontation with similar programs that are escaping American copyright laws. While there is an obvious connection between declining popular music sales and increasing file sharing, there is more going on than the RIAA wants to admit. I will show that the recording companies are overpricing their products, and not sufficiently using the Internet as an opportunity to market and sell their products. I shall begin by describing in greater detail the problem that the recording companies are facing, as well as the growing epidemic of online music trading. From there, I will show the correlation between the two and describe the other factors affecting record sales, and how these trends could be turned around to help the industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Record Industry is in trouble,† says Jann S. Wenner in an editorial appearing in a recent issue of Rolling Stone Magazine. â€Å"Album sales are now down almost 20% from two years ago, and the record business is facing the biggest retail slide since the Great Depression† (Wenner). People are buying less and less products released by the recording companies. â€Å"Nobody doubts that the music business is in trouble. Last year, global sales of CDs were down by 5% from 2000, the first fall since the format was launched† (NAPSTER R.I.P). The Nielsen SoundScan, used to report final sales to consumers, revealed some of its figures in a September 2002 issue of Billboard Magazine. â€Å"Nielsen SoundScan reports that overall music sales compared with the year before were off by 12.6%†¦while album sales were off by 9.8%. Total first-half units sold fell to 317.7 million units from 363.4 million; the number of albums sold slipped to 311. 1 million units from 344.8 million – an 8.1% drop† (Garrity). Even the number of albums that become hits is... ...election and convenience of P2Ps. Because of consumer’s tendency to download single songs by many varying artists, many may wonder if increased Internet use will eventually exterminate the record album from existence. Personally, I do not foresee the death of CDs and albums as a product. The MP3 format is not quite CD quality, and the singles that are typically downloaded by consumers do not always reflect the talent or best product of a certain performer. Singles are what will make money, but B-sides, the songs that people do not buy the CD for, are also a culmination of an artist’s hard work. B-sides make an album good or bad, and consumers simply do not download B-sides. I fear that buying an entire album will become more rare as these new programs emerge that allow consumers to buy one song at a time, but the album will prevail. Newspapers and Magazines are now available online, but they still appear for retail in stores and by offline subscriptions. Online musi c purchasing shows no signs of dropping, and the consumers show no sign of listening to less music. The industry just has to take the initiative to make the music more accessible to music listeners at a fairer price.

With You Until The End Essay -- Oscar Wilde The Devoted Friend Essays

With You Until The End 1. The story, "The Devoted Friend", is a lesson to be learned. It shows how one can manipulate as well as how one can be manipulated. It also shows just how far some people will go for a friend. In this case, Hans gave up taking care of his garden to help a "true" friend and died doing so. Author Oscar Wilde gives good detail of the characters and sets up conflicts within the plot to emphasize on the theme, a devoted friend is one that is with you, and will do anything for you, until the very end. 2. In the opening scene of the story a few minor characters are introduced, including the narrator, the Green Linnet, a little bird with tiny wings. The narrator tells this story to a water-rat, an old rat with bright, beady eyes and stiff grey whiskers. He felt it pertained to the rat because of how critical the rat was being of the pure white mother duck that had bright red legs. All she was trying to do was teach her children, who looked like little yellow canaries, how to fit into society and the rat was making rude comments. 3. As the Linnet told the story, he told about Hans, a little man with a funny, round, good humored face. Hans had a very kind heart and was an extremely devoted friend. This was proven throughout the story in him neglecting his garden to help his dearest friend, Hugh the Miller. The Miller was a big man who was fairly well off, he had a hundred sacks of flour, six cows, and a flock of sheep. He took great advantage of Hans because Hans believed they were best friends and the Miller often reminded him of that. The Miller used guilt to manipulate Hans into doing whatever he needed done, without ever returning the favor. 4. The tone throughout the story is ... ...t have Hans doing things for him, he was taking from Hans’ garden his most beautiful flowers and best fruits. 10. The second most obvious conflict in the story was Thought versus Action. Hans was always thinking how much attention his garden needed and by helping the Miller he would be neglecting his garden, yet he always did exactly what the Miller asked of him without hesitation. The Miller also knew exactly how to manipulate Hans by using guilt, and he put that into action every time he needed something done for him. 11. "The Devoted Friend" was a perfect example of how much friendship means to some and how little it means to others. It showed how easy it was to manipulate others and be manipulated by others. But, the most important thing it showed was just how far a person would go to help a friend even though it means sacrificing many things.

Invisible Man :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

One obvious theme that I picked up when I read Invisible Man was the theme of invisibility. I think the theme of invisibility has different meanings to it. One meaning is that invisibility suggests the unwillingness of others to see the individual as a person. The narrator is invisible because people see in him only what they want to see, not what he really is. Invisibility, in this meaning, has a strong sense of racial prejudice. White people often do not see black people as individual human beings. Another meaning of the theme of invisibility is the idea that it suggests separation from society. While the narrator is in his hole, he is invisible. He cannot be seen by society. He is invisible because he chooses to remain apart. Invisibility, in this meaning, is similar to hibernation, with the narrator’s choice to remain in his cave and think. This meaning of the theme doesn’t relate to me, but in a way, relates to the poet, Emily Dickinson, who wrote, â€Å"The Win d Tapped Like a Tired Man.† Dickinson withdrew from the world in her early twenties and became a recluse. It’s like Emily chose to be isolated from the rest of the world, just like the narrator in Invisible Man did. The third meaning is that invisibility indicates lack of self-hood. A person is invisible if he has no self, no identity. If a person doesn’t have a soul, spirit, personality, etc., then they seem like a ghost, a thing who is cold and invisible. Invisible Man may be read as a story about the narrator’s development. It is a first-person narrative, and because you experience the novel through the narrator, you get to know him better than anyone else. One pattern of development is that of innocence to experience. At first, the narrator is extremely innocent and does not understand what is happening to him. He does not believe people are bad. He does not see that Bledsoe is making a fool of him. As he suffers, he learns. With experience, he begins to see the world more as it really is. Experience teaches him to be a better judge. This relates to me, because experience is a major importance in my life. Four years ago, when I first started forensics, I was â€Å"innocent† or inexperienced. But as I started experiencing new techniques of how to present the speech, I learned more and, therefore becoming a better judge.

Conventional Supermarkets Essay

Retail Branding Strategy Retailer branding strategy can be defined as an approach planned by the organisation to achieve the organisation’s missions and goals. Retail branding strategies also facilitates in their competitive advantage in the industry. With strategies applied, companies can be viewed as a distinctive store as compared to other companies. There are various strategies that retail companies can adapt and one of the retailing strategies consists of seven factors; operating procedures, location, merchandising customer services, consumers, pricing, and promotion factors. (cite book) Conventional Supermarket An industry that we would also touch upon is conventional supermarket. Conventional supermarket is a departmentalized food store with a wide range of food and related products. The supermarkets are usually differentiated by their sizes e.g. a conventional supermarket is between 500 and 2000m2. (cite pdf) Supermarket Strategy Goods Conventional supermarkets should have a basic retailing strategy that they can adapt globally. Firstly, what goods do conventional supermarkets want to offer? A conventional supermarket typically offers a wide range of products and assortment and their merchandises would include both private and generic labels. Private labels are also known as house brands in food retailing. House brands were introduced to promote brand loyalty and are usually priced at affordable prices as compared to other brands that the supermarket takes in. Prices Prices are generally competitive in conventional supermarkets due to high competition within many firms for the same consumer with homogeneous product offerings (Dolan and Simon, 1996; Kotler, 2003; Lucas et al., 1994) Competitive price is defined as price of a product is based on what other competitors are charging thus it is not relatively as low as the old-fashioned neighbourhood convenience stores that are also locally known as ‘Indian Mama Shops’. Consumers Secondly, a supermarket has to decide on the target consumers in order to proceed with the location of the supermarket. Since conventional supermarkets offer largely food and related household products, they aim mainly on families that come from middle to low income. In addition, it targets working or non-working adults that are aged above 30 years. Location Since conventional supermarkets target on families, these supermarkets are located in the neighbourhood area with large trading area. The supermarkets are situated in residential areas as it is highly accessible and gives convenience for consumers. Their location might also be influenced due to location of competitors as it would enhance their trading areas. Operating procedures The operating procedure of supermarkets starts with Supermarket Licence which is mandated by the Environmental Public Health Act. Every business owners has to comply with cleanliness and food safety guidelines to prevent any food-borne diseases. The basic operating procedures that supermarkets have to follow are Hazard Analysis and Critical Control point (HACCP) system, cleaning and sanitation programs, pest control programs, waste management, transportation of finished products and maintenance program (Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore 2012). Store Atmosphere & Customer Services Conventional supermarkets have average store atmosphere whereby it is neither isolated nor too crowded. A good strategy that supermarkets do is categorizing the items for shoppers’ convenience in searching for goods. Customer services should be good as staffs play important role in assisting customers at the counters and shelves. Promotion Conventional supermarkets are one of the market players in the industry that invest highly in their promotions. Promotions include heavy use of newspaper, flyers and TV advertisements. These promotions have to be kept in line with the customers that supermarkets are targeting e.g. if the supermarket aims to attract younger customers, online promotions would be  preferred. Sheng Siong Supermarket Sheng Siong is one of Singapore’s largest retailers with over S$578.4 million in revenue for year 2011. Sheng Siong supermarket provides customers with both â€Å"wet and dry† shopping experience and their merchandises include a wide assortment of seafood, meat and vegetables, processed, packaged and/or preserved food products as well as general merchandise such as toiletries and essential household products. Sheng Siong Strategy Sheng Siong has complied with most of the strategies stated in the above. Firstly, the supermarket offers wide variety of food products and general merchandise. They also provide both generic and house brands products. The Housebrands stated in the image below are owned by Sheng Siong supermarket. (Sheng Siong 2012) These house brands allow bigger savings for consumers as they are priced lower than other generic products. Prices at Sheng Siong are generally low but competitive as we are able to find same products at other supermarkets at the same price. Sheng Siong supermarkets are located strategically in the heartlands of Singapore. With 33 stores located in the North, South, East, West and Central parts of Singapore, it shows that Sheng Siong aims to targets on every family in Singapore regardless of income status or age. Photo of Sheng Siong supermarket at Bedok Reservoir Road Photo of Neighbourhood opposite Sheng Siong supermarket @ Bedok Reservoir Road In complying with the operational procedures that are set by government bodies e.g. National Environmental Agency, Singapore Civil Defence Force and AVA, Sheng Siong has acquired licenses, permits, approvals and certifications for the business operations in Singapore (Sheng Siong 2012). Sheng Siong is also strategically categorized their merchandise for shoppers’ ease of identifying and convenience. Sheng Siong also provides consumers with a unique ‘push-basket’ for customers to shop at ease. Row 7 – Snacks/TidbitsWheeled basket Customer service is not really emphasized in Sheng Siong’s values but the supermarket offers weighing services for customers and they have many staffs in the supermarket to assist customers. Lastly, Sheng Siong has come up with promotion strategy using flyers and newspapers. One of their current promotions is lucky draw and winners are announced on the Sheng Siong Show. Weighing Service Sheng Siong Lucky Draw promotion 2012 NTUC Fairprice Supermarket One of the largest competitors of Sheng Siong is NTUC Fairprice. NTUC Fairprice is Singapore’s largest retailer with a network of over 230 outlets comprising FairPrice supermarkets, FairPrice Finest, FairPrice Xtra, FairPrice Xpress and Cheers convenience stores. NTUC Fairprice Strategy Fairprice supermarket offers a wide range of foods products and household merchandise as well. Similarly, they provide house brand which is named after the company’s name i.e. Fairprice. NTUC Fairprice supermarket has come up with a strategy of having discounts on their specific house brand in order to attract customers to patronize their private brands instead. The image below shows the differences of the prices between their generic and house brand products. Also, Fairprice supermarket has also strategically located itself in the heartlands within walking distance from housing estates and competitors. They currently have over 90 stores of Fairprice supermarkets located across Singapore to cater to varied needs of consumers. This strategy is to gather more consumers as competitors would increase the trading area for Fairprice supermarket. Fairprice supermarket located nearby Guardian and 7-11 convenience stores Fairprice supermarkets have also complied with the licenses and regulations of supermarket in Singapore. In fairprice, customer service is emphasized as a key value in order to serve customers better. They also provide self-service methods for the consumers to have a freedom in their goods’ choice. Their promotions are similar to Sheng Siong’s such as newspapers and flyers. Fairprice supermarket also offers festive promotions such as discounts in Christmas period. Pros & Cons of Conventional Supermarkets Conventional supermarkets serve both advantages and disadvantages to both retailer and customer. Firstly, supermarkets have the advantage of low cost of operations thus being able to sell goods at lower price. Due to low cost of purchasing products from suppliers, it enables customers to purchase products at discounted prices as compared to convenient stores which mark up prices of the products. Conventional supermarket definitely offers the freedom of selection to customers due to wide variety and ease of shopping. They also have high degree of efficiency due to elimination of service such as packing. It is also an advantage to customers as the shelves are easily reached out and the size of the shopping experience is neither too big nor small e.g. convenient stores offers limited products and hypermarkets offer too wide of variety for customers who do daily shopping. However, there are downsides regarding conventional supermarkets. References Genessa M. Fratto, Michelle R. Jones, Nancy L. Cassill, (2006),†An investigation of competitive pricing among apparel retailers and brands†, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 10 Iss: 4 pp. 387 – 404 Barry Berman and Joel R. Evans. 2012. Retail Management, A Strategic Approach. http://www.fairprice.com.sg http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/9407/1/sp07be06.pdf http://singaporesupermarketrecipes.com/fairprice-ntuc-weekly-promotions-week-37/ (ntuc promo pic) http://www.sgsaleinfo.com/v2.0/tagsearch/Sheng%20Shiong/1 (sheng siong promo pic) http://www.guidemesingapore.com/industry-guides/retail/setting-up-a-retail-outlet-in-singapore http://www.ava.gov.sg/FoodSector/FoodTradersAndEst/LicOtherFoodProcessEst/ http://www.asiaone.com/News/The%2BStraits%2BTimes/Story/A1Story20080205-48245.html http://singaporesupermarketrecipes.com/category/shopping-guide/supermarkets/sheng-siong/ (supermarket)

Being Unemployed and the Impact of Unemployment

In this modern day, that which defines the persons common soldier life including his lifestyle is his personal accomplishments with regards to his take in or ponder. He fails to believe the conditional relation of other good deal within the community of interests in his achievements. Now, this paper would try to see how community and the nine affect the point of reference and attitude of the stack who are unemployed.The maiden part of the paper would discuss the actually concept of unemployment and the underlying doers that cause unemployment. The gage part would present the effects of unemployment to the individuals and to the society/community.The last part would include an analysis of the bother of unemployment and conclusion First discriminate What is Unemployment? Unemployment pertains to a condition wherein a unforced person lacks opportunity to obtain whatsoever job or take in. (Sinfield) Such absentminded of opportunity back be either caused by the per son himself or by the different factors that affect the community (i. e. sparings, politics, and so forth ) The unemployed person could really regain difficulty in pass offing job when he himself lacks certain requirements. For example, an aspirant wants to work with a particular company. However, he did non pass the qualifications and standard of that company (e.g. educational attainment, background check-up). Hence he loses the find oneself of acquiring a job generally because the problem is he himself. No depicted object how willing a person is if he would not pass the standard or qualification of a company, it is most credibly that he would not get a job. On the other hands, there are factor that affect unemployment. First is the scotch element. The companies are closing their doors to applicants because the economy is real low much(prenominal) that hiring them would endanger the rest of the companies (perhaps the companies think that they cannot afford to pay the yield of these applicants if ever they occupy them).Second is political element. The political instability may cause economic stability. Thus the result would be the refusal of the companies to hire new workers. (Walters) Lastly, environmental element can also be a factor in the problem of unemployment. The stack may find difficulty in flavor for jobs when they are situated in a place wherein companies would most likely worsen to establish themselves. These are just nearly of the factors that can really affect the problem of unemployment. Second spokesperson What are the personal effects of Unemployment?Effects of unemployment can be immediately manifested in the populations lifestyle and character. (Sinfield) People who are unemployed usually continue in places that are farthermost from industrialized regions (i. e. rural areas, slum areas). They find so much difficulty in meeting their everyday needs such as food, clothing, shelter and others. Some cannot point affo rd to eat three quantify a day. The way they dress up can really show how regrettable themselves being unemployed. Unemployed people may express their disappointment and depression by the way they behave toward other people.Unemployed people may become forceful or unwilling to socialize with other people. These people are usually the ones who boldly entertain dissent towards the government and its programs and policies. (Moller) Third Part Analysis and Conclusion on the affect of Unemployment As an analysis, the problem of unemployment is really dependent on the tonality factor or elements that govern the structure and function of society. They significantly affect the lives of the unemployed (and even the employed) people.Nevertheless, if these key elements would be in good condition, the unemployment post could be resolved granted that there are great efforts that would be put down in its actualization. The effects of unemployment show how people react and behave toward ot her people. Moreover, unemployment may also define how people should live and think. (Moller) As a conclusion, unemployment is really a defining mark of the standard of sustainment (or of how people live). More often, jobless people pursue to obtain work unluckily due to the cited key elements that govern the society, having jobs is not really easy for them.And manifestations of the effects of unemployment could be illustrated by how unemployed people move with the community or society. References Moller, Valerie. The unemployment blues mental effects of unemployment on the individual. Centre for companionable and Development Studies, University of Natal, 1992. Sinfield, Adrian. What Unemployment Means. Blackwell Publishers, 1981. Walters, William. Unemployment and Government Genealogies of the Social . Campbridge University Press, 2000.

Arthur Andersen’s Legal Ethical Issues

Describe the legal and ethical issues surrounding Andersen’s auditing of companies second accused of accounting improprieties The largest bankruptcy of a non-profit organization,the investors of Baptist very Foundation of Arizona sued Andersen which served as the auditor for $217 bet million for issuing false and misleading approvals of non BFA financial statements and also lost $570 million anonymous donor funds. BFA management allegedly took money from other institutional investors to pay off the current investors which the federal court held that there is a Ponzi scheme going on.Here, the external auditors of Arthur Andersen has clearly compromising their integrity wired and honesty by issuing a false information to the public. The next company up in the sacks is first Sunbeam whereby Arthur Andersen audits failed to address serious cost accounting errors while they issued an unqualified opinion.Unlike Enron, he is not bankrupt.4 half billion earnings. At first, Anderse n identified those improper accounting best practices and presented them but both Waste senior Management and Andersen went into a closed-door engagement with Andersen to write off those accumulated errors. Here there is a Self-Interest threat.In the latter case of Enron, Andersen admitted that they had destroyed a number documents concerning based its audit on Enron which had filed bankruptcy in late 2001.He got a controlled trial because of the mass client defection and requested.

S.Arthur Andersen what was among the accounting firms on earth."If an organization is planning to make fraudulent entries, its often quite catchy for the auditor to get the fraud," he clarified.Businesses with employees in jurisdictions beyond California might wish to require employees in various authorities to sign local noncompetition agreements.

"Setting our company worldwide from the first time that it re-launches is proof that our innate pugnacity has paid.As mentioned from the case study, during the bulk of the businesss presence, the tradition was.Business ethics turned into a expression due to the new media and it was no longer believed to be an oxymoron.In reality, an audits caliber is unobservable.

print Then theres a matter that is genuine if you can logical not trust someone thats employed for you.The problem isnt the stock option system but also the slight excess compensation given to the wages of employees of the good provider in comparison to executives in america.A.My editorial comment is simpleit looks really pricey.